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October 20, 2025

Agus Mualif : Konflik Klasik Antara Penguasa Versus Penganjur Kesalihan (bagian kedua)

Agus Mualif : Konflik Klasik Antara Penguasa Versus Penganjur Kesalihan (bagian kedua)
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Oleh : Agus Mualif Rohadi

Nabi Muhammad menjadi sosok Nabi yang menyatukan prinsip dasar kekuasaan. Setelah Nabi Muhammad meninggal, pengganti Nabi Muhammad (4 khalifah pertama), meskipun tidak mempunyai kualifikasi sebagai Nabi, masih dapat menyatukan prinsip kekuasaan itu pada diri mereka, meskipun dalam memperoleh jabatan khalifah dengan cara berbeda. Khalifah selain sebagai kepala negara juga menjadi amirul mukminin (pemimpin kaum mukmin). Artinya, sebagai amirul mukminin, maka khalifah adalah orang yang diakui sebagai orang salih yang pantas menjadi pemimpin kaum mukmin dan muslim serta kaum lainnya. Tidak ada pertentangan prinsip dasar kekuasaan yang menyatu pada diri khalifah.

Dalam waktu sekitar 20 tahun, sejak Nabi Muhammah meninggal, wilayah negara muslim bertambah luas dari semula seluas jazeerah Arabiya menjadi membentang mulai dari Iran, Iraq, jazeerah Arabiya, Turki, Syam, Palestina, Mesir hingga Maroko. Jauh lebih luas dari wilayah imperium Roma. Sumber daya ekonomi yang semula hanya dari ternak, perdagangan kabilah-kabilah kecil, kebun kurma, berubah menjadi sangat beragam. Dari kekuasaan kesukuan sederhana berubah menjadi kekuasaan negara dengan wilayah yang sangat luas dengan beragam bangsa, kebutuhan militer yang besar, tetapi juga menghadapi kompleksitas masalah yang semakin tinggi.

Bagaimanapun hebatnya pengganti rasul (kalifah), namun masalah kekuasaan akhirnya muncul juga. Khalifah Utsman dibunuh oleh pemberontak didahului oleh fitnah besar yang meluas dan tidak diketahui asal usulnya. Khalifah Ali tidak mampu mengatasi fitnah sehingga harus berperang dengan sesama kaum muslim. Kekuasaan negara menjadi tidak utuh, karena muncul pembangkangan dari Muawiyah yang tidak teratasi. Meskipun Muawiyah tidak menjadi khalifah, tetapi tidak mentaati khalifah Ali. Pada akhirnya khalifah Ali dibunuh oleh ibnu muljam orang khawarij ketika berangkat ke masjid hendak menjalani kewajiban menjadi imam shalat subuh. Hasan yang diangkat sebagai khalifah lebih memilih menyerahkan jabatannya kepada Muawiyah.

Terbunuhnya khalifah Utsman dan Ali, serta mundurnya Hasan membuat banyak sahabat nabi dan oang orang salih menjauh dari kekuasaan. Mereka lebih suka menepi dan memilih memperdalam ilmu, menjadi pendakwah dan mengajar. Mulai terjadi pemisahan antara orang salih yang berilmu dengan kekuasaan negara yang dipegang oleh khalifah. Sejak itu, prinsip dasar kekuasaan yang menyatu mulai goyah.

BACA

Ketika Muawiyah memaksakan kehendaknya untuk mewariskan jabatan khalifah kepada anaknya yaitu Yazid, mengakibatkan muncul protes dari kaum muslilm secara luas dan berakhir dengan terbunuhnya Husein bin Ali beserta keluarganya. Tragedi luar biasa yang hanya menyisakan anak yang masih balita yaitu Ali Zaenal Abidin bin Husein bin Ali. Tragedi ini memunculkan pemberontakan di berbagai wilayah antara lain di Hijaz, Kuffah dan beberapa di wilayah timur.

Sejak terbunuhnya Husein, jabatan khalifah hanya sebuah sebutan untuk seorang raja yang kaum muslim enggan memanggil dengan sebutan amirul mukminin.
Para orang salih menyingkir dari kekuasaan dan mulai muncul kelompok kelompok politik dalam masyarakat muslim.

Dua prinsip dasar Kekuasaan yang semula menyatu menjadi berpisah lagi….(bersambung ke bagian tiga).

Editor : Setyanegara 

 

 

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