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October 21, 2025

Konflik Klasik Antara Penguasa Dengan Penganjur Kesalihan (bagian ke sebelas)

Konflik Klasik Antara Penguasa Dengan Penganjur Kesalihan (bagian ke sebelas)
Agus Mualif Rohadi
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Oleh : Agus Mualif Rohadi.

Selama sekitar 150 tahun lebih, Bizantium hampir tanpa berhenti bertempur secara bergantian dengan wilayah barat menghadapi serbuan bangsa Goth, Slav dan Lombart sedang dengan wilayah timur menghadapi Sasania Persia.

Untuk mengatasi konflik agama, dan untuk menunjukkan bahwa kerajaan dapat bersikap keras terhadap pertikaian agama atau aliran agama yang membahayakan kerajaan, ketika terbit keputusan Paus St. Glacius pada tahun 492 membubarkan Nashara, kaisar mendukung pembubaran nashara. Bagi kerajaan, keberadaan nashara dapat menjadi faktor yang memperuncing pertikain antara Kristen Diophysites dengan Monophysites yang dapat mengganggu stabilitas wilayah. Gereja Nashara dirampas dan Injil Nashara di larang diajarkan dan dibakar. Alih-alih menertibkan dampak pertikaian teologis antara Gereja Timur dengan Gereja Barat, kaum yahudi nashara yang menjadi kurban. Injil nashara dianggap bahaya bagi pertikaian teologis Kristen.

Agama pagan Romawi, Yunani dan Jermanian telah menghilang seiring dengan penghuni istana menjadi pemeluk Kristen. Kristen berkembang dengan cepat sekaligus memunculkan banyak aliran yang berakar pada perbedaan visi tentang ketuhanan Yesus. Perbedaan aliran juga menjadi bagian dari perebutan kekuasaan dan bahkan menjadi bagian perubahan dinasti kekaisaran. Para uskup harus terlibat mencermati perubahan dinasti karena perubahan tersebut akan berpengaruh pada pergantian uskup. Keadaan seperti itu sering membuat orang Kristen salih menyingkir dan memilih menjalani kekristenan sebagai pertapa. Salah satu pertapa yang berpengaruh adalah Benecdigtus menghidupkan kembali cara hidup esenis atau zuhud dan komunal.

Ketika Romawi barat sedang terpecah- pecah dan saling bertempur dengan silih berganti keunggulan, sedang Romawi timur sering berperang dengan Persia, antar aliran Kristen berusaha berebut pengaruh dengan istana kaisar dan pada saat yang sama kaisar juga menggunakan kekuatannya untuk ikut mempengaruhi jalannya keuskupan, di pedalaman Mekkah, muncul Nabi baru yang kedatangannya sebenarnya sudah diramalkan kitab taurat dan kitab ibrani lainnya maupun kitab injil.

Sampai Nabi Muhammad dengan agama Islam dapat menyatukan seluruh suku arabiya dan membentuk negara baru di Jazeerah Arabiya, yaitu negeri Arab, hal tersebut belum menjadi perhatian serius bagi dua imperium besar yang mengapitnya. Negara baru ini pernah bersentuhan dengan Bizantium di perbatasan yaitu di Mu’tah dan Tabuk, tapi bagi Bizantium itu merupakan peristiwa kecil. Suku besar Arab saat itu, Bani Ghasan di perbatasan Bizantium masih menjadi mitra tradisionalnya. Demikian pula, Bani Lakhm di perbatasan Persia masih jadi mitra tradisional Imperium Persia. Kedua suku besar Arabiya tersebut masih beragama Kristen kebanyakan menganut madzab nestorian.

Surat nabi Muhammad agar kedua imperium tersebut terbuka untuk dakwah Islam juga tidak mendapatkan respon. Bagi kedua imperium wilayah Jazeerah Arabiya hanyalah wilayah yang dihuni oleh suku suku arab yang kecil-kecil yang tersebar di oasis gurun pasir, yang kehidupan sukunya tidak pernah mempunyai tradisi militer sebagai alat pertahanan kesukuannya. Wilayah Arabiya juga tidak menarik secara ekonomi. Ekonomi suku arabiya adalah ekonomi kecil yang sangat bergantung pada hubungan dagang dengan kota kota di Bizantium. Wilayah tersebut juga bukan wilayah yang secara rutin menjadi daerah lintasan militer.

Namun secara mengejutkan dan tidak pernah diduga oleh siapapun saat itu, negara baru ini, dalam kurun waktu dua puluh tahun, mampu mengalahkan Bizantitum dan Persia sekaligus, mengambil alih wilayah jajahan Bizantium di Timur-Tengah dan Afrika utara serta seluruh wilayah Persia. Bahkan setelah itu, imperium muslim penerus Khulafaur Rasyidin, mampu merambah hingga negeri-negeri di wilayah Transoxania (Asia Tengah) hingga perbatasan China dan Rusia.

(bersambung ke bagian dua belas).

Editor : Setyanegara 

 

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